C P Snow and the Second Law of Thermodynamics Essay

The scientist and the literary intellectual represent two cultures that are drifting apart from each other to such an extent that each is becoming increasing ignorant of and alien to the other, and because they must represent a body of knowledge as a whole, the consequence is that, though specialization, both the scientist and the intellectual are becoming effectively ignorant. Analysis: Though C P Snow claims to be speaking from a common ground between the two cultures that he envisages, I would argue that he is squarely placed in the scientific camp, and is by no means an intellectual. The manner in which he describes the rift between the two cultures has a distinct whiff of â€Å"shallow optimism† about it, which is the intellectual trait of the scientist. He advocates a simple dialogue between the two camps, which is very much reminiscent of Enlightenment thinking, which, before the advent of modern science, maintained that scientific education was the key to overcoming all social ills, and dialogue is but a means to educate each other. Snow is right in thinking that the two camps had grown apart unawares, and that at one time the cultured man endeavored to keep abreast of knowledge as a whole. But a fundamental point seems to escape him, and that is that modern science entails specialization, and neither does he suspect that it could be the root of the problem. While he acknowledges the existence of specialization in science, he tries to make out that it need not be divisive. His advocacy is of a holistic understanding, and on the strength of this plea he wants to effect a negotiation between the two camps. â€Å"Don’t carry your specializations too far,† he seems to be saying to both the scientists and the intellectuals, â€Å"because both the arts and the sciences are important, and one is in danger of becoming ignorant if one loses complete touch with any one of them. † The propositional content of his plea is correct, but the mistake is to sound it on the platform of modern science, which is divisive in its fundamental aspect. If one is committed to the scientific outlook one must live with specialization. We can take his example about the literary intellectual knowing the second law of thermodynamics as a testing point. He thinks that literary intellectual should at least know this law, which is accepted among physicists as being fundamentally significant. The equivalent feat of for a physicist would be of having read a play by Shakespeare, he suggests. But concentrating on the first point, why should one know the second law of thermodynamics if one will never question its validity? Science functions by constant questioning, and no scientist is ever trained to carry absolute dictates about with him. A literary intellectual may come to it in two ways. He may absorb it as in inviolable dictate, in which case it would not be science at all. Or he may come to it with the proper outlook of the scientist, which is the questioning one. If on the second trajectory, he may either be captivated by the question, or he may deem it not worth his while. If he is captivated, and he remains honest to his intellectual proclivities, then he cannot but pursue the question further, to the detriment of usual literary occupation. But it is more likely that he deems it not worth his while, in which case he returns to the field in which he is proficient and interested. And in due course, through neglect, he forgets how to state the scientific principle at all. If the last is the most natural and likeliest outcome, there is little point in pushing the second law of thermodynamics to the literary man. He has arrived at the status quo of not knowing the law at all, because that is the most natural state of affairs for him. In his situation he has better things to occupy himself with. For Snow to suggest that he ought to know the second law smacks of the arrogance of science, which is an arrogance rooted in naive optimism. Then again, a scientist should only be expected to enjoy a performance of Shakespeare, but certainly not to analyze it. Literary understanding calls for a profound understanding of human nature, which is certainly not part of the equipment of the scientist, who is trained to detect only empirical evidence. To tell a scientist to analyze King Lear would only confuse him, and if he tried too hard it would blunt his scientific perception. Snow would be better advised to consider the underlying philosophy of science, rather than external practice of the separate disciplines. It is a tacit understanding among members of the scientific society (of which literary intellectual are a part) that each practice his own specialization. Only the fruits are to be enjoyed by all, and this is the true egalitarian dimension of atomized science. The notion of â€Å"progress† comes from the understanding that the fruits of specialization confer on all, and it is this notion of progress that binds all members of scientific society. In its original conception modern science was defined as an egalitarianism of knowledge, and apparent loss of this is what Snow is lamenting. But such egalitarianism has not disappeared; it has only become impractical for a single person to keep up with the expanding body of knowledge. But more important than knowledge sharing is the philosophy that underpins it, and this philosophy still unites the particle physicist and the Shakespeare man. In calling for a new, and strained, egalitarianism of knowledge, Snow is only betraying his naivete of the world, which is the characteristic naivete of the scientist daring to speak on the humanities. Works Cited Snow, Charles Percy. The Two Cultures. Ed. Stefan Collini. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Reflective Essay on Learning and Motivation Essay

This reflection essay relates to the learning and teaching theories discussed in the course work. The study begins with an overview that presents a narrative of my evolution as a learner. The subsequent sections present a description of motivational attributes of an effective teaching strategy implemented in classroom setting. The study also offers a summary of the strategies that can be adopted in order to make a successful learning experience in college. I attended an educational system where schooling was based on traditional teaching systems. Teaching approaches were similar to the approach of a â€Å"banking model.† The school’s procedure depicted the teachers’ roles as depositing correct information to the learners to a point that it was needed. I began preparing for an end or term exam in my first year in the school by revising material offered to us severally. I did not have any notion why I had to learn the material (Zhang, 2009). Therefore, my life in t he school and my learning experiences were done through â€Å"rote learning.† The school system made emphasis on performance objectives over learning goals. During my third week in the school, I encountered an experience that changed my approach and motivation to learning. The experience came about after and encountered with my third year English 101 tutor, Mr. Rickie. He was very smart he had a good grounding on issues of English and career advice. His past engagements in learning and curriculum development allowed me to be consistent and relevant to learning motivation. The year was marked by class members taking the class as passive and engaged in class games instead of concentrating during class sessions (Zhang, 2009). The fourteenth week of the class people started seeing the sense of paying attention during class sessions, and we started enjoying French. The students’ attitude to the class took a different turn due to the measures he took to change the learning atmosphere. First, Mr. Rickie made the class lively through â€Å"activity setting† on Wednesday classes. The students were separated into manageable groups of five each. Students from each group were dressed to fit the roles assigned to their respective groups. The class als o created these situations as role-plays. In subsequent week, Mr. Rickie asked us about our goals as well as professions we dreamt to pursue after our education. For instance, my group took the assignment of having meetings with professionals. The day the group took to play a role, I opted to play a  lawyer. My group had prepared to meet within a restaurant and conversations were to be in English. Teachers who use such an approach consider teachers and students as co-constructors of knowledge through meaningful ways. The approach to learning considers the environment as well as role of peers in through interactions of questioning, interpreting, and listening to others’ ideas. Teachers using the learning strategy take into consideration students’ different understanding levels and diverse learning styles in eliciting ideas (Benson, 2008). The process through which students embraces opportunities of generating various ideas and clarifying their own enables reflection on provisions of fellow students. The past academic year presented me with an opportunity to address a graduate level course in Radford University. I observed a critical difference among the students through implementing diverse teaching styles. The goal of making thing classroom more interactive and motivated is a topic of discussion where groups review materials covered. In conclusion, my illustration of effective teaching strategies includes contributions and roles of teachers facilitating and co-constructing knowledge (Benson, 2008). The ultimate learning motivation includes active inclusion of students in course activities. Classrooms that embrace effective teaching strategies uphold the principles of diverse learning styles and the realization that students encounter differences in their levels of understanding.

Product Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Product Costing - Essay Example But with the concept of management accounting system, John has decided to place in a better and sound managerial accounting system. The proposed solutions seem to be useful for John and Mary Farmers and other agricultural enterprises. Its basic aim is to gather better and vast information for managerial purposes and such information will be used in the long term as well. As, John and Mary Farmers are more keen in knowing the differences in the cost of production between farms and the profit difference between differing commodities produced over the years. To address this issue, the managerial accounting system will have its respected costs and profit centers. This method is more commonly known as â€Å"responsibility accounting†. Each service center is given its support cost centers. Those support cost centers are divided into activities and sites. These costs are further re-allocated to production cost centers. The marketing centers are concerned with the cost of marketing related with the products. Further on, profit centers are introduced, these profit centers account for both costs and revenue, the ke y performance measure of any profit center is therefore profit. This proposed costing system seems like a product costing system or an Activity Based Costing System. The benefit of having such systems is that each allocated center (either profit or cost) is responsible for its negative or positive variances. This system would prove beneficial for almost all agricultural businesses, with agricultural products having shorter life cycles and more complex production processes, this proposed system recognizes the complexity with its multiple cost drivers. Besides this, as the agricultural sector being a more competitive sector, this proposed system facilitates a better understanding of the driver of overhead costs. With all these positive feedbacks

How situational leadership can help raise your organisation's Essay

How situational leadership can help raise your organisation's performance - Essay Example Over the period of time, there have been different attempts to define leadership and its overall impact on the organization. There has been extensive research on understanding the relationship between the organizational performance as well as the style of leadership. Different authors have attempted to link specific leadership styles with the way an organization performs when a particular set of leadership style is in place. Situational leadership is one such concept outlining that there is no single best concept or style of leadership. The best leadership therefore is task related and therefore the most successful leadership is the one which can easily adapt its style to the level of maturity. Robbins et.al outline that the overall performance of the leader as well as the organization critically depends upon the nature of the relationships between the followers and the leaders. Under situational leadership, the overall organizational effectiveness as well as the performance largely depends upon what followers do and how they do it. The overall organizational performance under the situational leadership therefore largely depends upon the notion of the task as well as the supportive behavior from the followers. This paper will therefore discuss as to how the situational leadership can actually allow an organization to perform better and how it can raise the performance standards of the organization. Leadership Defined Over the period of time, it has been unanimously agreed by almost all the academics and researchers that leadership is probably the single most important factor in the success and failure of an organization. One of the lasting impressions of the successful leaders is that the environment and culture set by the leaders remain after they depart. Such a lasting influence and impact on the way leaders impact the organizations and societies therefore deserve special attention in carefully defining the overall concept of leadership. (Boaden, 2006) Accord ing to Robbins et.al there are different explanations and definitions of leadership which have evolved over the period of time. It is however, critical to note that the different authors have disagreed on the use of formal as well as informal influence as an integral part of the overall leadership concept. (Robbins, Millett, & Waters-Marsh, 1998) According to Robbins et.al the leadership is the ability to influence others in order to achieve common goals which can contribute towards any worthwhile goal. (Robbins, Millett, R, & Waters-Marsh, 1998) This definition therefore outlines some important ideas regarding leadership besides indicating the parameters within which leadership as a concept can be assessed. Robbins et.al have also clearly separated the use of force and use of influence as two different aspects and it has been argued that the leaders do not force others to do something but rather they influence them to achieve a common goal. Apart from achievement of common goals, l eaders are also expected to give a shared vision as well as a worthwhile purpose. Situational Leadership Situational leadership is a relatively new concept developed two different authors during 1970s and 1980s. Developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard, the theories of situational leadership are considered as one of the most important contributions towards the field of leadership and its impact on the organizations. Both the authors have developed their own set of theories and models based on the situational leadership concepts. The basic or core idea behind the concept of situational leadership is based on the idea that there is no preferred style of leadership whereas the effectiveness of a leader can be judged only by the ability of the leader to adapt to maturity. The leaders therefore are considered

Discussion #5 Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion #5 Business Ethics - Essay Example ltinationals to comply with the laws governing business an operation in other countries since each of them has distinct regulations which apply to them. For instance, the multinationals need to know and accept to adhere with the laws governing importation, exportation, recruitment, employee welfare, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and environmental conservation. Failure to do so might expose them to lots of legal tussles which might in the long run, interfere with their success. On the other hand, it is my considered opinion that these multinationals should offer reasonable and fair salaries and wages to their employees. These can be determined by referring to the local and international labor laws, government policies on wage limits, demands from the trade unions, level of expertise and costs of living. The remunerations offered to each category of employee should be acceptable by all the involved stakeholders. This is the best way through which these multinationals can satisfy their workforce and appeal to the general public as they strive to accomplish their short and long-term

How does preeclampsia develop and does it confer future cardiovascular Essay

How does preeclampsia develop and does it confer future cardiovascular risk - Essay Example The aim of the review is to arrive at the developmental causes of preeclampsia. Similarly, a large number of studies have reported linkages between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular disease. The evidence is suggestive, and a vast number of data produced is available on the subject. The present sysetmatic survey therefore focuses on an analysis of the literature with the objective of finding out conclusive evidence to establish that preeclampsia may pre-dispose to cardiovascular risk in the long term. The systematic review involved gathering of available data through an extensive search and reading, critically evaluating all the research in terms of its methodology and scope and also exploring and recommending future studies that could be more effective towards addressing the research questions. It was found that a number of factors, like obesity, hypertension, abnormal insulin resistance, inflammation, cardio-vascular risk factors (as measured by serum levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and blood pressure), increased Homocysteine, presence of periodontal disease among others, were observed in preeclamptic pregnancy. However, the systematic review could not establish if these factors had a causative relationship to preeclampsia or if these factors were the manifestation of some other factors that also cause preeclampsia. The review also evaluated available evidence on cardiovascular risks and preeclampsia history. It was found that cardiovascular risk indeed has a larger than normal odds of having a history of preeclamptic episode. Again, it was not proved if preeclampsia pre-disposes to increased cardiovascular risk, or if preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease have the same pathogenesis. Preeclampsia, Cardiovascular Disease,

Australian Trusts and Trustees Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Australian Trusts and Trustees Act - Essay Example The house was transferred to the congregation on a settled trust which terms included; a.) That the congregation would establish and maintain a hospice in perpetuity on the land, for the poor sick and dying in honour of the life and work of Dr Lillian Cooper, and the Hospice was to be known as ‘Olivetti Hospice’. b.) That the land would never be sold, or given out in exchange for anything else by the congregation. No fund was involved the transfer when the trust was settled. The congregation bore the cost of building and operating the hospice built on the donated land. However, the congregation soon encountered some difficulties in both the size of the land and access into it as soon as planning began for the proposed Hospice. Over the years, the difficulties have been resolved, first, by the closure of the adjoining street, and by the acquisition of other land in years subsequent to 1952. The Hospice was opened in 1957, together with a convent and a chapel. Since that t ime, the hospice has been renovated and modernized considerably, more levels and building having been added. This means, therefore, that the original hospice building is located on three different land, comprising the land donated by Miss Bedford, the obtained through the closure of street, and other land which were acquired over the years since 1952. The additional facilities constructed on the land subsequent to 1952 include; the Marycrest Retirement Centre for low care residential aged care, and the Lillian Cooper Nursing Home for high care residential age care, both operated under the name ‘Caritas Care’. In summary, the aims and purpose of the care include to ensure that; a.) A facility designed to meet the physical and emotional need of the aged and terminally sick who are poor was established and maintained in perpetuity b.) Dr Lillian Cooper’s life and work was commemorated by the said facility c.) The facility’s name is ‘Olivetti Hospiceâ₠¬â„¢. d.) The land remained protected from sale or exchange for anything. Was the term of the Trust being kept? First, the congregation had in 1962, agreed to a land swap with the Commonwealth of Australia to swap a part of the original land with a different parcel of land owned by the Commonwealth, but which was adjoining the trust land. This action was in not in conformity with the terms of the trust, to the effect that land would never be sold or be exchanged for anything, therefore, conclusion can be drawn that the term of the trust was not being kept in this regard. The original Bedford trust land has been blended into a larger parcel of land, which was created in 1976, and is used for the mission of the congregation and not for the purpose of the trust, as spelt out in the term of the trust, sees Baker v Archer-Shee (1927) AC 844. This action was also in discord with a term of the trust that demanded that the land be used for a hospice in perpetuity for the sick and dying who were poor. The amalgamation of the original Bedford Trust land into the new land, used for the mission of the congregation meant the term of the Trust in this regard was not being kept. The Mount Olivet Hospital providing other cares other than the care expressed in the term of the Trust means the term of the

Performance Measurement System in Julphar Company Term Paper

Performance Measurement System in Julphar Company - Term Paper Example RAK Ceramics is a company based in United Arab Emirates (UAE). The company was established in 1989 by Abdallah Massaad. The Company has been able to establish itself as the world’s largest ceramic manufacturing companies in a span of 20 years. The factory is however situated in the Arabian dessert. The products that RAK Ceramics has been offering consist of tableware, porcelain tiles, sanitary ware, bath ware, fittings, adhesive and faucets (Attwood â€Å"Racking up Miles for Tiles†). The Company operates in several countries of Asia as well as Middle-East such as, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Sudan, China, etc. In this study the performance of this company would be measured and analysed with respect to its customer satisfaction ability, improvement activities, internal process, employee satisfaction, competition handling, and innovation (â€Å"Company Profile†). Problem Statement It not necessary that every research study is developed to discuss problems and challen ges. Sometimes even they are even designed to evaluate and analyse situation, such as performance of a company. As in this case, the performance management system of the ceramic manufacturing company, RAK Ceramic would be analysed through statistical tools. ... Internal Process The internal process of RAKCeramics is mainly based on its technology integrated business model. The strength lies in the speed of improvement that the company manages and supplies the product to the market as soon as customers demand. The company owns 10 factories, which is well equipped with the most modern machineries. 8000 bath wares are manufactures every day in three plants in the similar location. Production and distribution is well-managed through IT based supply chain (â€Å"Corporate Profile†). Innovation RAK Ceramics’ core competency is offering innovative products and unique designs to its customers using technology. The strategy of the company is to innovate and introduce new designs for the customers is a strategy for improving performance. They are also utilising scan coding system for allowing customers to utilise their smart phones for scanning the QR code in the advertisement and directly visit the website of the company. They are also developing a mobile tool called iDesign, where customers can design their incorporate their own designs for customisation (Hankir â€Å"RAK Ceramics CEO Sees No Slowdown in U.A.E; Plans India IPO to Build Plant†). Improvement activities The demand for RAK Ceramics is continuously rising, so the company is looking forward to improve their manufacturing capacity by augmenting its power infrastructure. Several new power plants is planned to be launched in emirates in order to utilise sustainable sources of energy to respect the environmental concerns and maintain efficiency. The requirement for more power capacity was also identified in summers by the company

Global Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Global Strategic Management - Essay Example The industrial gases sold by the company have a variety of uses. They are used by oil and natural gas companies, health care providers, steel and general processing companies, chemical and food processing companies and research institutions such as NASA among others. Most packaged gases are sold to magnetic resonance imaging and electronics industries in the United States of America (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010). Industrial gases are extracted either through separation process or chemical synthesis. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is the largest supplier of Helium and Hydrogen in the world. The company has wide global distribution channels (branches) in nearly all continents. The company has branches in Africa (Algeria and South Africa), America (Brazil, Canada and Mexico), Asia (China, Korea, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand), Europe (Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Turkey and United Kingdom), Middle East (Israel, Qatar, Turkey and United Arab Emirates ) and West Indies (Trinidad and Tobago) among other countries. Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is performing exceptionally well. ... In 2010, common shares out standing were 213,802,865 which increased from 211,260,264 in 2009. In 2009, packaged gases constituted 25.2 percent of the total market and generated $11.2 billion (United States Securities and Exchange Commission, 2010). Managing globally dispersed operations of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc can be complex and challenging to any manager. Harrison and St. John (2009) argued that managing global firms is challenging to managers because resources, business practices and values vary. However, if the company’s management prepares well for international opportunities through strategic planning and timely implementation, the task would be easier. Strategic management involves a number of functions and actions by all key stakeholders. The actions and functions are performed mainly by the board of directors in consultation with the top management and employees. Identifying and selecting a global governing structure, management systems, networking global o perations, managing physical and non-tangible assets including employees and enhancing their capabilities is critical to strategic global management. It also involves enhancing sharing of information across boarders. Furthermore, the company need to pursue corporate social responsibilities and collaborate with critical stakeholders to gain competitive advantage against other players in the international market. This will enable the company to minimise competitive and environmental risks in the environments in which it operates. Heckscher-Ohlin model According Gandolfo (1998), Heckscher-Ohlin model is an important international trade theory that states that countries produce and export goods and services whose factors of production are abundant and easily available in that country. On

Business Forecasting and Data Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Forecasting and Data Analysis - Essay Example For the chart above, in order to improve the chart’s usefulness, the firms included in the graph are those with total weekly labor hours below 100,000. The few firms (approximately 10) which had total labor hours at more than 100,000 were not included. The graph shows that there is no systematic change in overall management score based on total labor hours. To determine if variations one variable changes in tandem with another variable, the correlation may be used. In this case, SPSS was used to determine Pearson correlation; a correlation statistic of higher than 0.50 is considered moderately strong, and the closer the coefficient is to 1.0, the stronger the correlation. For all three instances above, correlation coefficients are weak because none of them exceeded 0.50 nor approached the maximum of 1.0. In all cases, however, results are significant at the 0.01 level. This means that while the correlations of all three variables with management score are significant, the variations attributed to them are not very large. In conducting the regression analysis, the intention is to predict the value of a dependent variable if the values of predictor variables are known. The problem given seeks to determine whether or not variations in total sales among firms may be determined based on firm ownership, assets, management score, and weekly labor hours. Because there are four predictor variables, multivariate regression will be used. The assumptions on which the regression is based are that the variables are normally distributed and that there is a linear relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The model summary table below shows that the model has an R-value (representing simple correlation) of 0.914, indicating a high degree of correlation.  

Retailer Companies Essay Example for Free

Retailer Companies Essay Amazon Amazon is an online retailer however there have been talks and news articles of the company planning to open a warehouse store in New York City. However being an online only retailer means the company can meet any customer target and offer shopping to anyone. This removes travel time, travel costs and parking costs which appeal to more customers. This can also appeal to younger shoppers aged 16+ who are unable to drive and must pay out a large charge in travel fare. There is also a larger reach in the consumer area and they now have the ability to reach a worldwide target. Also being an online only business they can give specific and limited discounting to their products. New Look New look is a multiple store that usually located in an in town area. Being located in town has many advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages to being an in town store is the easy access by both public and personal transport. However a disadvantage to this is the large travel costs both paying for tickets on trains or busses but also petrol and parking costs. A second advantage in the allotted sale space can be increased and the store can have a larger floor space. However due to this the store costs more to rent and run meaning there are only a small amount of discounts the store is able to give. Pandora Pandora is a multinational company using a multiple store which is usually located in out of town areas. Because of the area where they are placed they have a long travel time making the easiest travel option the car however you can travel to them on public transport but many involve changes and larger fares. However due to the travel costs the areas slightly reduce store costs and also allow free parking. This means that although travel time and cost is high it holds more appeal due to the lower prices and free parking. Best One Newsagents Best One Newsagents is a franchised business that is based in local  locations. The areas that these stores are in are specifically placed in accordance to the surrounding area. They will be in an area where there are many houses surrounding them so that customers have east when going to the store. Due to the fact of them being a local store they are smaller than others and are able to sell items at cheaper prices. This appeals to the customers so that they can get bits they need without going to supermarkets and paying a higher price. eBay eBay is an online only auction site where people are able to sell unwanted items securely. This means they can sell items that people are looking for E.G a new iPad Air would usually be sold at retail price for  £399 but on eBay a new but used one could be sold at up to a 90% discount and that could be a set price or they could use the auction and consumers could bid to see who will be the one to purchase the item. As this is a selling site you will need to receive the money and many use PayPal as it is a secure way to pay the money however you can just pay cash if you are collecting the item.

Jonhson Matthey case study analysis teacher guide Essay Example for Free

Jonhson Matthey case study analysis teacher guide Essay Suggested resources activities related to PEST analysis and Johnson Matthey Full Johnson Matthey case study MP3 of the Johnson Matthey case study External influences PowerPoint Johnson Matthey crossword Johnson Matthey word search Suggested timings for the session 10 mins 5 mins 5 mins 10 mins 20 mins 10 mins Starter e.g. Johnson Matthey crossword Use the external influences PowerPoint to discuss the topic Read the case study Questions Task – mind map What have you learned? Answers to questions 1. What does PEST stand for? PEST stands for: †¢ Political (includes legal) †¢ Economic †¢ Social (includes environmental) †¢ Technological 2. Describe what is meant by the ‘external business environment’. The external environment refers to those things outside of the operations of an organisation which impact upon it but over which the business has no control. 3. Analyse why PEST analysis is used by firms. PEST analysis is used by firms to assess the external business environment in which they operate. Managers and directors can then make decisions on their findings. PEST analysis therefore will inform any new objectives being set and the marketing strategy for the firm. 4. Evaluate the impact that the 2008 banking crisis had on Johnson Matthey. The 2008 banking crisis which lead to the recession: †¢ Meant a fall in demand for its products †¢ Increased efficiency within the company -reducing the use of natural resources and decrease waste through lean production techniques. †¢ Efficiencies made the company more sustainable saving the company money whilst at the same time conserving the planet’s valuable natural resources. What have you learned? Expected learning is likely to include: †¢ Definition of the external business environment †¢ PEST factors †¢ Use of PEST analysis to develop marketing strategy †¢ How firms respond to external factors †¢ Examples of these factors

How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision?

How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision? Abstract: Consumer behavior is dependent on few factors that need to be considered in any industry. In the garment industry, there are several intertwining factors known that influence consumer behavior. The Internet as one knows well has its importance in nearly every form of trade, but brand recognition is driven by a set of factors that have their own principles. Trade is directly dependent on communication, and these days the Internet it is considered to be one of the most important and reliable means of communications for trade. It is for this reason that brand promotion is significantly related to the use of the Internet. However, it needs to be asserted that the Internet is a tool for promoting a brand as is other means of brand promotion. In view of the Internet being an important medium through which customers may be communicated with, consumer behaviors, and more importantly, consumer-purchase decisions, become an important subject. Observing consumer-purchase decisions in the recent past, it can be asserted that there is immense scope for expanding industries that receive positive responses from consumers. An example of this is observed with some organizations in the garment industry. A company such as Levis is a good example to view the effectiveness of branding on consumer-purchase decisions. In addition purchases made at outlets, online purchases have been significant as purchases of are easily made and are believed to be considerably reliable. This reflects the manner in which consumers rely on brands like Levis. For purchasing garments and placing orders, advertising through the Internet is the first step towards pulling in customers. Indeed, this step is believed to be effective as there are a number of indiv iduals who first see ads online, and then decide to physically check a promotion out. However, this is not the only way that people want to explore promotions of garments or any other industry. Shoppers are keen to check out things for themselves. There are many consumers that also do not rely on the Internet for purchasing what they want. They would rather shop, and there are indeed many consumers who spend several hours per week in shopping centers searching for what they want. Among these shoppers there are different kinds of consumers, and each of these has different characteristics. Some look for stuff that is cheaper and reliable while others want quality. Those who search for quality know what brands they want generally. Deciding what to purchase from a consumers perspective depends on what satisfies him or her. From a manufacturers perspective, it is important to understand what interests a consumer most, and based on these interests, manufacturers work to develop their brands. Manufacturers have to develop a brand identity in order to seek brand loyalty of consumers. Once manufacturers learn how to read their consumers, they can influence their purchasing decisions, and this is precisely aimed at by promoting a brand and working towards its selling power. 1. Introduction: 1.1 Background In order to sell products, organizations resort to various strategies. Each company has its strategy structured in accordance with market factors as well as product strengths. This may mean that an organization has to consider various angles in order to make sure its products enter a market and sell successfully. In considering several factors that play their parts in the success of a product in the market, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"branding is one major component for organizations to work on. Branding is considered to be a major component in the success of a product in the market because it can control consumer decisions. This of course depends on the reputation of the brand, which refers to how it has appealed to consumers in the past and how it has served them. 1.2 Importance of the Study: Understanding what branding is enables one to understand the way that consumers behave when newer products are introduced. This is interesting to understand because it helps to understand why different company products of the same nature have different responses from consumers. 1.3 Research Question: The main Research Question that will be dealt with in this study is as follows: How does branding affect consumers purchasing decision? Other research questions that will be part of this study include the following: * What is branding? * How is branding used? * How do consumers respond to branding? * Is branding really significant in order to sell products? 1.4 Limitations of study: This study makes use of relevant literature to the research question as well as a survey of 50 participants. Though the literature review encompasses a wide variety of views regarding the research question, the survey only encompasses participants within the researchers physical location. This means that the views from the participants are fewer than what is needed for a comprehensive view of primary data. 1.5 Organisation of study: The basic organization of this study consists of dealing with the main research question mentioned above, for which there will be a literature review. In accordance with a methodology, this literature will be analyzed, and a conclusion will be arrived at. In addition to data analyzed from the literature review, answers from a survey conducted will also be analyzed and paired with the results of the analyzed literature review. 2. Literature Review 2.1. Chapter introduction: This chapter includes the views of other studies and reviews related to the main research question. In this chapter, there will be pertinent data on what branding is, how it impacts consumers, and how consumer-purchasing decisions are impacted through branding. 2.2. Framework for review: In this section, there will be a flow as the review gradually progresses. This means that each relevant portion of the subject will be exposed gradually as the review progresses. However, at various points there will be inclusions of points exposed earlier, where needed. 2.3. A brand allows organizations to differentiate their business from their competitors. But more importantly, brands help to motivate customer loyalty. By having a brand, companies gain manifold levels by creating effective business strategies that help to promote the company. Building a brand is also about creating an identity that differentiates one from the rest this may be in the form of a logo, a name or business model. This is what helps to receive a positive consumer response; consumers look for characteristics in a brand that cater to their needs and wants. If a brand does this with one product, in future, consumers would choose other products wit the same brand. More recently, branding concepts have become more about how people perceive business. For this reason, there has been a lot of attention on how brands can alleviate the position of business, sales and consumer base. The perceived knowledge about the brand comes from three major criteria according to Business Central by Microsoft (2004): These are: 1. Confidence in a business, product or service doing exactly what the customer already believes it will do. For example, a 24-hour convenience store brand can be based on customers confidence that it will be open, whatever the time of day or night. 2. The emotional response of the customer to purchasing a product or service. For example, a clothing retailer can create a brand based around making its customers feel good about what they wear, how they look, how good they feel about buying clothes from that shop and what it says about them to their peers. A brand builds a unique personality for a business, and therefore attracts a defined type of customer. 3. Most importantly, branding is based on consistently rewarding the confidence and delivering the expected emotional response. For example, a domestic cleaning company can build its brand successfully if customers homes are always thoroughly cleaned. The owners believe that they are using the best cleaning company and feel good about returning to their newly cleaned homes. Given the highly developed set criteria, one can understand that brands are not created overnight; in fact brand identity is created by assessing the business, how it operates and the kind of message that the business wants to send out to the customers, and able to deliver the promise to the customer time and again. This kind of assessment has to be realistic and be based on the following key areas: 1. Work out your business, product or services core competencies. These are what you achieve for your customer, not necessarily what you do. For example, a good wine shops core competence is selling wine that its customers enjoy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" not just selling wine. 2. Assess whom your existing and potential customers are and find out what they like and what they dont. For example, if competitive pricing drives them, there is little point in you presenting yourself as a premium-price supplier of the same products offered by your competitors. 3. Find out how your customers and your employees feel about your business. Reliable? Caring? Cheap? Expensive? Luxurious? No-frills? Later in the process, these emotional responses (brand values) will form the basis of your brand message. 4. Define how favorably customers and potential customers view your business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" this is your perceived quality. Do they trust your business, product or service? Do they know exactly what it does for them? What do they think of when your brand is mentioned to them? Low perceived quality would restrict or damage your business. High-perceived quality gives you a platform to grow. 5. Consider how far you can develop your business with its current customer perception without moving away from your core competencies. The amount you can change your offer is your brand stretch. For example, a shop known for selling fresh sandwiches could also consider selling homemade cakes and biscuits without going outside its core competencies. But selling frozen ready meals too may stretch its brand too far (Microsoft BCentral 2004). So much has the concept of brand identity become a part of the business process that companies are claiming their rights to certain qualities, product category, design, innovations and creations. One of the reasons for this is that companies are realizing amidst a homogenous market, credit cannot be given to any one in particular unless the company excels in certain areas. For example Tesco, Wal-Mart and K-Mart may all provide the same kinds of services and products, but there has to be something that makes the customers experience unique in each of the above cases. Companies are realizing that the quest for uniqueness should be taken a step further by enhancing on certain or particular business area and developing it a step ahead of competitors. It is only through the differentiation technique that they would be able to effectively and successfully compete against rival. For example Wal-Mart may claim to have the cheapest price while Tesco would also do the same for certain products only. To resolve this problem, techniques like the kind of message, bundle services as well as customer satisfaction guarantees are used to attract customers. But how do customers differentiate and recognize one service from the others? For most companies the first step is to identify the potential customer and perceive his/her consumer behaviour. Next is to align brand values that reflect customers needs. From the identity aspect, the company furthers this by redesigning logo, stationary and other visual contact to send out harmonious and unified theme to the consumer. For example, if the brand suggest value added services then all aspects of the business process has to incorporate value added services so that the customers becomes aware of this unique quality of that particular business; advertisements pertaining to the same should be launched and campaigns for external/internal customers to make sure everyone is aligned with the business objectives. In view of this, illustration 1 in the list of figures shows that aside from branding, there are other aspects that a company needs to focus on. Given these aspects of brand and brand identity it can be defined as: A brand, in its broadest sense, is the expression of an organisation or product. A brand is communicated in a number of different ways and not only represents the visual aspects that a customer may come across (logo or imagery), but can also be reflected in the behaviour of people within that organisation, the quality of products that the organisation offers, and the manner in which customers are treated. (Investor in People 2004) Retailers in the UK realized the importance of this concept during the Post World War Era. During the war years the UK chain stores expanded nationally to serve the local consumers with standardized products. The restraint on trade with the US did not allow the local producers to cultivate their services abroad. Similarly, the restraint also applied to US products and retail stores that had not been allowed to operate in the UK as the producers anticipated US influence on local UK consumers. However, as the Wars passed, new chain stores expanded and so did the international chain in Britain. As new factories reflect growth in industries, traditional method of promoting products and goods also changed to cater to the new classification of products. American products were cheaper and easy to access at the convenience stores as compared to British products and chain stores. Further, due to the high unemployment level, resulting in less purchasing power, British stores did not feel motiv ate to expand or succeed. The only measure they were interested in includes the commoditys exchange value and how it serves as the source for covering operating income (Lowe et al 2000). However, with the emergence of US producers and retailers, local stores had cause for concern. Since the departmental stores from the US provide the same commodities and yet provide the aesthetic experience as well, the consumers learned to appreciate the uniqueness of the experience they had with the foreign stores. For this reason, British retail stores under went a wave of change where the stores had to make the decision of effectively competing with their American counterparts. According to Lowe et al (2000) By 1939 in Britain the chain stores had carved out a market alongside, and in competition with, the department and co-operative stores, and were particularly noted for their own-brand goods. Their standardised fascias jostled for prime place in the redeveloped high streets and their mass-marketing strategies increasingly squeezed out the small, but still significant, independent trader. Their particular development was the consequence not only of Britains compact geography an d early industrialisation, but also of the political and cultural support for trade restraints, which were furthered by the retention of family influence in companies and by an ethos of business leadership as public service. The British stores had gained significant development due to two reasons. Firstly the family based society and class dynamics within Britain had supported the centralization and spread of these stores across the country. Secondly, the trade restrained allowed these stores significant time frame for achieving the desired standards and quality for competing with rivals across the Atlantic. The intensity of the competition of stores in the US and UK resulted in inflating dynamic chain store culture and competition. As a result the retailing market changed its form with the support of the manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in the distribution process. The outcome of this contest between the two nations not only established platforms for large retailers but it also added to their knowledge of the development and progressive tracks that they need to follow in order to effectively compete nationally and internationally. The basis for the fast growing retailing industry was inherent in the working class ability to predict opportunity advantage and capitalize on it. For example in 1848 W.H. Smith gained railway contracts and bookstalls spread across England. Similarly, Thomas Liptons shops in Glasgow in 1872 were built on the back of new steamships importing cheap Empire butter, cheese, ham etc. The common factor prevailing in this spreading trend had been the producers and the owners being able to foresee consumers special needs and satisfying them. Although these were family businesses that later on turned into empires nevertheless the concept of meeting demands as they come by providing customized services had been inherent during the 20th century even (Lowe et al 2000). J.B. Priestly surveyed the English landscape during this era and found that with the emergence of mobility, transportation and mass production, there has also been a mass set of chain cinemas, stores, teashops, etc., which has chan ged the way people eat, drink and entertain during the 1930s. The new infrastructure of migration and investment went hand in hand with the migration of people from the north to the south, from inner city to suburbs and the like etc. For this reason most of the significant development in establishing names of quality products and services emerged during this era (Lowe et al 2000). However, recently the trend has changed. Established names and quality brands have been facing difficulties in competition. As the UK become global in its trade practices, the risks of losing to foreign counterparts for local brands have increased. One example is Marks and Spencer. MS has been an established brand that UK consumers had immense trust in and have been using as a platform for measuring offering value for money quality products. The promotional theme at MS is based on quality but not a cheap product category that suits the average and affluent consumer. However, this strategy is not suitable for the needs of current globalization scenario. With the spread of retail stores and chain around the world such as Wal-Mart and ASDA, MS has gradually lost its position to these competitors. Wal-Mart is in stark contrast of the values established by MS. The Wal-Mart business philosophy is based on low price and cheap products that meets the average to low consumer group. Even more critical in this transition of retail store brands is that people are coming to accept them as alternatives to the established quality stores prevalent in the UK (Lowe et al 2000). The alternatives no doubt easily had taken over the local brand and chain stores but it had not been able to capture the essence of the concept of brand. For the average price conscious consumers have not realized the implication of switching over to a foreign brand. Not only have they been compromising quality for price but they have also greatly contributed to declining the established standards for the industry. Businesses that are known globally for their quality, reputation, product specifications, and standardizations have been replaced by the Americanization of products and services. No gap analysis has been identified for the switch and as a result brands that exist in the UK are innovating and revisiting their standards to win over the customers. The process is tedious but corporations and retailers are realizing the importance of exercising this process. Today when one refer to brands and brand identity, it means the creation of a brand identity system which involve focusing on brand communication, developing needs analysis, contemplating target audience, relegation of market profile and establishing a brand identity with these inputs[1]. Successful brands may shape the business sphere as well as navigate the breadth and depth of the corporate identity. The message, the identity, the visual design language such as symbols, colours, flagship etc. all reflect and remind the consumers who they are; what is the nature of the business; how are they producing; social participation and responsibility; and to communicate with them to be part of the brand identity system. For example in 1994 Coca-Cola business in the UK had been the largest bottlers and providers of cola drinks. However, at the same time other cola companies had come up with the same idea using the same corporate identity and brand message as Coca-Cola. Yet, despite this fact the local colas did not win the consumers due to the fact that consumers, in whose mind Coca-Cola association had already been lodged, mistook the new cola brands for the original one. For this reason the new cola brands lost to Coca-Cola in the competition. From this example and many that followed after, the British producers realized that brand identity is a systematic process that must ensure that the development of the design is protected; ownership or long term partnership of retail channels is essential and ownership of other product advantage cannot be replicated. Apart from those other organizational issues in the process of brand identity system development is that the interface between the strategic dec ision-making on the branding process must discuss how the brands would facilitate the company and how the brands can be linked to the companys goodwill. Thus by tying monetary value to brands, companies have established the value to brand identity and its influence on corporate performance. Once corporations realized the importance of brand identity, the struggle for materializing and capitalizing on brand identity increased. Marketers for one exhaustively increased their efforts to market their brands and logos more than they did the products; they laboured at serving the lifestyles that consumers lead rather than the products they need; and companies also included brand awareness strategies to ensure that the consumers understand the organizational products and services. More formal companies have established procedures for making this system work. Brands identity is now based on: 1. Recall rate at the top of the consumers mind 2. Specific recall for occasions, events or holidays 3. Visualization of the brand identity 4. Personalization of the brand to an image 5. Brand extension 6. Not becoming stereotype for cosmopolitan appeal 7. Think global, buy local concept 8. Linking brands to sub-brands 9. Symbolic ownership of brand essence 10. Souvenir brand essence 11. Connecting the values of flagship brands to other brands 12. Word of mouth 13. Brand transition through the identity system 14. Express the corporate tone of voice and cultural style These identifiers help companies to establish the concept of product design and its positioning in line with brand identity. In essence the whole exercise is to identify and take advantage of new and global practices and alleviate existing products and services without having to compromise old values and phenomena. With the amount of focus on brand, brand identity and brand loyalty, it can be observed that these are immense tools for influencing consumer purchase decisions (Knowledge Board 2004). 2.4. Key findings from literature review According to the above reviewed literature that encompasses key points on what a brand is and how it can impact consumer-purchase decisions, it can be asserted that branding is an important tool for a company to survive in any industry. It is through a brand identity that consumers recognize a particular companys products and services within a large industry. If a company associates standard and acceptable services and products that are according to a consumers expectations, the brand will be remembered and receive responses each time it advertises newer products and services. 3. Research Methodology: 3.1. Chapter introduction: This section includes the method of handling the data and arriving at a conclusion. Given that there are two types of data being used for this study, it is important to draw up how exactly the researcher will go about it. In order to conduct a study and answer the above research questions on how branding affect consumers purchasing decision, there is need to review relevant literature. The literature reviewed will be authentic and relevant to the research questions. This study will be both, qualitative and quantitative. A qualitative and quantitative study is necessary to answer the above research questions because both, facts and figures are an important part of the research area. There are also managerial aspects that need to be considered. These managerial aspects are represented in the form of facts and figures. Also, there will be statistical and numerical presentations considered that are necessary for answering the research questions. Aside from the study being a quantitative and qualitative, it will adopt a random approach. This refers to considering a wide variety of sources. However, the study will be limited to particular areas from where the researcher can obtain relevant data for this study. Sources for the literature review are ones that are authentic and relevant to the area being researched. The sources are from books and journals, as well as official websites, newspapers and magazines. In addition to the use of the sources mentioned above, important factors belonging to the field being studied here are obtained from other studies and presentations. Opinions and facts from presentations are considered to help in answering the research questions. Facts and figures about McDonalds and KFC brands from different points of view will be considered. The manner in which the brands have operated globally and the focus they have had in various places will also be considered for a greater understanding of their bran d communication with their consumers. This will help to bring together a wider range of opinions and facts to be analyzed. The literature review will be analyzed thoroughly so as to expose the answers to the research questions. Secondary data analysis is the process of re-evaluating collected researched data. The data can be collected from previously researched publications including official researched documents. Data collection usually involves research material that is relevant to the research problem issue but does not necessarily answer the research objectives or questions. For this research, the purpose of having secondary data analysis is to aid the researcher in collecting the data required to delineate the research objectives and provide a basis for analyzing primary data. Based on the conclusions of the secondary data analysis, the researcher will analyze and validate primary data collected through a survey questionnaire (Hair, Bush and Ortinau 2000). The questions in the questionnaire are mostly close ended. These close-ended questions will help to will to reduce result errors and biasness, as well as simplify accumulation of answers. 3.2. Research approach The rationale behind the literature has been to investigate the impact of branding on the consumers purchase decision. In terms of how what evaluate attributes influence their purchase decision. The underlying discussion has tried to come to an understanding of the consumers perception and attitudes towards how their actual purchase choices or decisions are generated, keeping in mind the brand name associations that influence the consumer, leading to his consistent behavior and loyalty. There are two main issues within the study: whether there is a difference in the effect that branding has on the different categories of consumer buying behavior groups, and the relationship between branding variables and consumer buying behavior. Branding is about certain consumers, not all consumers as they have different attitudes and behaviors toward brands. Further, Crimp and Wright (1995) define consumer attitudes as a composite of a consumers beliefs about, feelings for, and behavioral intentions towards some object-within the context of brand. In the research, the independent variable is the consumer buying behavior that is primary interest for marketer. The main objective of the research is to understand and describe the purchasing behavior in terms of brand and to explain its variability within the purchasing process and attempt to predict it. The dependent variable is the branding element that is considered by the consumer. Different consumers may hold different attitudes for these branding elements, or in other words, these branding components are viewed together since they are highly interdependent and together represent forces that influence how the consumer react to the object. 3.3. Data Collection Method As Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002) suggest the research design is the overall plan for relating the conceptual research problem to relevant empirical research. In the same regards, Kress (1988) indicated that designing a research method calls for decisions on data sources, research approaches, research instruments and sampling plans. Firstly, the study will attempt to discuss various sources of data and the ways in which data has been gathered for the purpose of analysis, testing hypothesis, and answering the research questions. Data can be obtained from primary and secondary sourses. However, in some cases the research would be restrained due to some information not being publicly available. Of the several techniques used for data collection a survey was deployed, as the most appropriate technique to gather data. The survey enabled a large amount of data to be collected from a sizeable population in a quick and economic way. A questionnaire can be described as the technique whereby each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions that are in a predetermined order (Webb, 1999). Miller (1991) also supports this idea, claiming that closed-ended questionnaire is an easy was to interpret answers where the respondent is asked to select answers from a brief list. This facilitates the standardization and easy comparison of data. It must be noted that both, data in the literature review as well as data obtained from the survey questionnaire will be analysed to arrive at a conclusion that satisfies the research questions. The sequence of questions in the questionnaire should be such that the respondent is led from questions of a general nature to those that are more specific, and form questions that are relatively easy to answer to those that are progressively more difficult (Malhotra, 1996). The studys survey has aimed to incorporate the following features to meet the specific requirements of the projects: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Specific objectives, these may be in terms of points that the survey should achieve and should be kept relatively simple; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Questionnaire that entails straightforward questions that extract consistency and accurate information; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A research design that includes survey sampling, sampling methods, sample size and the sound choice of population and sample meaning a relatively large unbiased group; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The appropriate quantitative as well as qualitative analysis and reporting of survey results. 3.4 Validity: Answers achieved in this study are considered to be valid as they are achieved through previously accepted data relevant to this field. In addition to this, the answers from the participants in the survey questionnaire are original and represent the opinions on the subject that stand at the moment. Content validity ensures that the measure includes an adequate and representative set of items to tap the concept. The more the scale items represent the domain or universe of the concept being measured, the greater content validity. To put it diff

Titus :: essays research papers

Titus" by William Shakespeare, Titus was a decent and honorable man. Titus loved and cherished his daughter Lavinia. He was a traditionalist, and stuck by his morals. Titus was brave. He showed he was loyal to those he cared for. He honored his family. Titus was a respected soldier and leader. Titus was a decent man because he loved and cherished his daughter Lavinia. Being Lavinia was his only daughter of twenty-six children; he spoke highly of her. In act 1, Titus addresses the public by saying "Kind Rome, that hast thus loving reserved, The cordial of mine age to glad my heart. Lavinia live, outlive thy father's days, and fame's eternal date, for virtues praise" (138). He is describing the link between Lavinia and his heart, and telling her to outlive, and go beyond him. In act 3 Titus shows he would do anything for Lavinia after her hands were chopped off. He says "Give me a sword, I'll chop off my hands too" (194). Being willing to sacrifice his own hands for his daughter shows his deep love for her. Lavinia means so much to Titus, that in act 3 he explains "But that which gives my soul the greatest spurn, Is dear Lavinia, dearer than my soul" (195), meaning his dear Lavinia's misery is giving his soul the greatest amount of hurt. Af ter comparing Ovid's description of the forest to where Titus and his sons hunted, he cries out "O' had we never, never hunted there! Patterned by that the poet here describes, By nature made for murders and for rapes" (214). Titus cares so much for his daughter that he is blaming himself for hunting in a place that is set for a murder or rape to occur. Being a traditionalist is another quality that made Titus an honorable man. In act 1 Titus shows his respect for religious tradition by telling Tamora, "Alive and dead, and for their brethren slain, Religiously they ask a sacrifice. To this your son is marked, and die he must, T'appease their groaning shadows that are gone" (135). He is obeying religion and will kill Tamora's oldest son (Alarbus), for those who have sinned in his family. When Alarbus is being buried in act 1, Titus makes a speech that states "In peace and honour rest you here, my sons; Rome's readiest champions, repose you here in rest, Secure from worldly chances and mishaps.

Rome :: essays papers

Rome Personal Imaginative There she was, in all her beauty. She was parked on the corner just were I left her She looked good, She looked hotter than hell. Her shinning poppy red exterior, sparkling likes diamonds. All heads turned by the car’s stunning looks, all ears raised to the sound of the Hi-Po V8 289, equipped with a Paxton supercharger; a sound you just don’t hear but feel. A classic sign of American muscle. My Classic 1966 GT 350 â€Å"Shelby Mustang.† I jumped into the bucket seats, stopping for a moment to observe the car/s beauty , before igniting the engine, only to be satisfied by that usual throaty growl. I eased the stang into first and rolled her out of the car park, towards a set of nearby traffic lights. Here I stopped next to a 1973 Corvette stingray. The Corvette was a nice car, a real looker, and bright orange in colour. The man in the Corvette was about 50 years of age. He was a small man, bald and quite frankly looked harmless; well so I thought. Before I knew it, he looked over at me, giving me an aggressive look, at the same time revving his engine. The look he gave me could only be translated to one thing: He wanted to race. The lights changed to green. Instinctively I slammed my foot on the accelerator, coming down on it like a ton of bricks, and sending the Stang leaping forward as if it was transformed into a wild mustang. The growl of the engine sent vibrations through my body. I was thrown back in my seat due to the force of the acceleration. Behind me I left a wall of smoke, and the smell of burning rubber. In 4.5 seconds I was doing 60 mph, the Corvette growing smaller and smaller through the rear-view mirror. I was amazed. I was doing incredible speeds. At this stage objects out of the window gradually became streaks of colour. I was left unable to distinguish between objects, dodging parked cars and people, within the last millisecond. At those speeds I was enclosed in my own world. I no longer heard the outside world, but only the Magnum wheels screeching, gripping the road like glue. Rome :: essays papers Rome Personal Imaginative There she was, in all her beauty. She was parked on the corner just were I left her She looked good, She looked hotter than hell. Her shinning poppy red exterior, sparkling likes diamonds. All heads turned by the car’s stunning looks, all ears raised to the sound of the Hi-Po V8 289, equipped with a Paxton supercharger; a sound you just don’t hear but feel. A classic sign of American muscle. My Classic 1966 GT 350 â€Å"Shelby Mustang.† I jumped into the bucket seats, stopping for a moment to observe the car/s beauty , before igniting the engine, only to be satisfied by that usual throaty growl. I eased the stang into first and rolled her out of the car park, towards a set of nearby traffic lights. Here I stopped next to a 1973 Corvette stingray. The Corvette was a nice car, a real looker, and bright orange in colour. The man in the Corvette was about 50 years of age. He was a small man, bald and quite frankly looked harmless; well so I thought. Before I knew it, he looked over at me, giving me an aggressive look, at the same time revving his engine. The look he gave me could only be translated to one thing: He wanted to race. The lights changed to green. Instinctively I slammed my foot on the accelerator, coming down on it like a ton of bricks, and sending the Stang leaping forward as if it was transformed into a wild mustang. The growl of the engine sent vibrations through my body. I was thrown back in my seat due to the force of the acceleration. Behind me I left a wall of smoke, and the smell of burning rubber. In 4.5 seconds I was doing 60 mph, the Corvette growing smaller and smaller through the rear-view mirror. I was amazed. I was doing incredible speeds. At this stage objects out of the window gradually became streaks of colour. I was left unable to distinguish between objects, dodging parked cars and people, within the last millisecond. At those speeds I was enclosed in my own world. I no longer heard the outside world, but only the Magnum wheels screeching, gripping the road like glue.

Chinese Cinderella :: essays research papers

i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Title Chinese Cinderella ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Author Adeline Yen Mah – Yen Jun-ling iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characters Yen Jun-ling/Adeline/Wu Mei (Fifth Daughter) – the main character. She was an unwanted child because she was considered bad luck because she was told to be the cause of her mother’s death Aunt Baba – Jun-ling’s loving aunt. She’s one of the few ones who takes Jun-ling’s side in the family, is also Jun-ling’s mother’s best friend. Ye Ye – Jun-ling’s grandfather; her father’s father. He is always siding the first children. Nai Nai – Jun-ling’s grandmother; her father’s mother. She is the authority in the house. Niang (Mother) – Jun-ling’s stepmother, is a French woman; married Jun-ling’s father one year after his wife died. She takes over after Nai Nai died. Father – Jun-ling’s father; married Niang one year after his wife died; Ye Ye and Nai Nai’s only son. Big Sister/Lydia – the eldest daughter; takes Niang’s side as the story continues. Married at the age of 17. Big Brother/Gregory – the eldest son, next to Big Sister. Goes to England with Second brother for college. Second Brother/Edgar – born after Big Brother. Goes to England with Big Brother for college. Third Brother/James – born after second brother and before Jun-ling. Is the only sibling Jun-ling is close to. Fourth Younger Brother/Franklin – Jun-ling’s younger stepbrother and is Niang’s little darling. He is treated especially by their father and he loves to see Ye Ye really†¦ really†¦ pissed off and angry. Little Sister/Susan – the youngest daughter Aunt Reine – Niang’s sister; rescued Jun-ling from the St. Joseph’s Uncle Jean – Aunt Reine’s husband Claudine and Victor – Uncle Jean and Aunt Reine’s children, Jun-ling’s best friends Lin Tao-tao and Wu Chun Mei – Jun-ling’s best friends at Shanghai Mary, Elanor and Monica – Jun-ling’s schoolmates at Sacred Heart Mother/Mama – Jun-ling’s real mother iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting This story, Chinese Cinderella starts at Tianjin. Then, their family moves to Shanghai. After an ordinary life at Shanghai, their parents decided to return Jun-ling to Tianjin and left her there in a boarding house. Aunt Jeane decides to take Jun-ling to Hong Kong because her family, except Aunt Baba, Big Brother, Second Brother and Third Brother, had already moved there. She studies secondary school at Shanghai, and later on is given privilege, by her father, to study college at England. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary A Chinese proverb says, â€Å"Falling leaves return to their roots.† In Chinese Cinderella, Adeline Yen Mah returns to her roots to paints an authentic portrait of twentieth-century China as well as to tell the story of her courage and ultimate triumph over despair. Chinese Cinderella :: essays research papers i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Title Chinese Cinderella ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Author Adeline Yen Mah – Yen Jun-ling iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Characters Yen Jun-ling/Adeline/Wu Mei (Fifth Daughter) – the main character. She was an unwanted child because she was considered bad luck because she was told to be the cause of her mother’s death Aunt Baba – Jun-ling’s loving aunt. She’s one of the few ones who takes Jun-ling’s side in the family, is also Jun-ling’s mother’s best friend. Ye Ye – Jun-ling’s grandfather; her father’s father. He is always siding the first children. Nai Nai – Jun-ling’s grandmother; her father’s mother. She is the authority in the house. Niang (Mother) – Jun-ling’s stepmother, is a French woman; married Jun-ling’s father one year after his wife died. She takes over after Nai Nai died. Father – Jun-ling’s father; married Niang one year after his wife died; Ye Ye and Nai Nai’s only son. Big Sister/Lydia – the eldest daughter; takes Niang’s side as the story continues. Married at the age of 17. Big Brother/Gregory – the eldest son, next to Big Sister. Goes to England with Second brother for college. Second Brother/Edgar – born after Big Brother. Goes to England with Big Brother for college. Third Brother/James – born after second brother and before Jun-ling. Is the only sibling Jun-ling is close to. Fourth Younger Brother/Franklin – Jun-ling’s younger stepbrother and is Niang’s little darling. He is treated especially by their father and he loves to see Ye Ye really†¦ really†¦ pissed off and angry. Little Sister/Susan – the youngest daughter Aunt Reine – Niang’s sister; rescued Jun-ling from the St. Joseph’s Uncle Jean – Aunt Reine’s husband Claudine and Victor – Uncle Jean and Aunt Reine’s children, Jun-ling’s best friends Lin Tao-tao and Wu Chun Mei – Jun-ling’s best friends at Shanghai Mary, Elanor and Monica – Jun-ling’s schoolmates at Sacred Heart Mother/Mama – Jun-ling’s real mother iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Setting This story, Chinese Cinderella starts at Tianjin. Then, their family moves to Shanghai. After an ordinary life at Shanghai, their parents decided to return Jun-ling to Tianjin and left her there in a boarding house. Aunt Jeane decides to take Jun-ling to Hong Kong because her family, except Aunt Baba, Big Brother, Second Brother and Third Brother, had already moved there. She studies secondary school at Shanghai, and later on is given privilege, by her father, to study college at England. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary A Chinese proverb says, â€Å"Falling leaves return to their roots.† In Chinese Cinderella, Adeline Yen Mah returns to her roots to paints an authentic portrait of twentieth-century China as well as to tell the story of her courage and ultimate triumph over despair.

Reveiw Questions and Critical Thinking Questions

1. What is a camera? A camara is a light-tight box that contains a light-sensitive material or device and a way of letting in a desired amount of light at particular times to create an image on the light-sensitive material.2. What is a convex lens? A convex lens is bend the light toward the center of the lens, since one or both sides of the glass curve out. It also takes the various rays of light and bends them toward the same point, which ultimately allows an image to form.3. What three components make up a film camera? Define each part. The three components are First is the mechanical element, which is the camera body and the parts associated with it the second one is the optical element, This is otherwise known as the camera lens. Finally, we have the chemical element, which is the film. These three different elements make up a film camera.4. What is a pentaprism? What job does it do in the camera? A  pentaprism which is a five-sided mirror. The job of the pentaprism is to flip the light from the image so that the image appears right side up rather than shows the inverted image that first occurs.5. What are point and shoot cameras? How do they differ from SLR cameras? Point and shoot cameras  are those that use an optical viewfinder, rather than having the semiautomatic mirror. The image the photographer sees through the viewfinder is not the exact same image that will be recorded. An  SLR, or single lens reflex, camera  has a semiautomatic movement of the mirror, which produces an exact image in the viewfinder, is different from the point and shoot cameras because the point and shoot cameras shows not the exact image that will be recorded, and the SLR show a exact image.6. What is JPEG? What considerations have to be kept in mind with JPEG? JPEG   is the default file format in many digital cameras on the market today. We need to consider JPEG has an important drawback to this space-saving advantage—it is compressed in a lossy manner, which means that some of the data is lost. The more the image is compressed (the smaller the size of the file), the more information from the image is lost.7. What is the difference between optical and digital zoom? Optical zoom  works like a telephoto lens, the image quality remains the same as the image is magnified.Digital zoom  crops the image and enlarges the cropped image to fill the frame of the camera. This means that the digital zoom generally results in a loss of quality in the image. They are different because Optical zoom remans the same as the image is magnificant, and digital zoom enlarge the cropped image to fill the frame of the camera.8. What are the steps you can take to create a pinhole camera? Have you tried to make one? First, you’ll want to cut the round oatmeal box (or other cardboard type tube or round container) in half, leaving the bottom of the container in place, so that you have two short round pieces or tubes.Place a piece of wax paper over one of the open ends of the round container and tape it in place. Once you have this done, put the oatmeal tube back together again so that the wax paper is in the middle of the tube. Wrap tape around the middle of the tube where the two pieces join together, making the tube as lightproof as possible. Finally, create a small pinhole in the bottom of the container. Now you’re ready to try out your pinhole camera. I’m going to try to make one.9. What are some of the differences between film and digital cameras? Which one do you prefer? Digital cameras digital cameras create files that are relatively large, digital images do not require processing for viewing, use an electronic image sensor to digitally record an image, Some digital cameras can also be used to create video in addition to still photographs. Digital cameras create photographs that are made up of pixels. Film cameras film must loaded into cameras and developed in light-tight conditions, this drives up the cost of d eveloping and printing film-based images, ilm negatives or final prints must be scanned prior to computer manipulation, some color prints can fade over time. I prefer digital camara.10. What are some advantages of being able to see an image right after you’ve taken it (such as with an instant camera or being able to review the image on a digital camera)? With a digital camera you can basically take as many photos as you like until you get the perfect image. If you don’t like the way your photo has turned out you can simply delete it and take it again. This can be done because you can view the photo seconds after you’ve taken it, is just perfect to have this camaras, and be able to see the image right after you’ve taken it.

Highway traffic operations Essay

IntroductionHigh modality affair trading operations be influenced by the behavior of drivers. A track crowd off be apply by a finite teleph unity number of vehicles, and the driver perceived skillful distances amid vehicles determine this limit. For a saluten up vivify, as distances become shorter, more vehicles evict substance abuse the highway. Both the volume of drivers choosing to use the highway (demand) and the maximum volume that can be served (supply) depend on driver behavior. congestion results from too many people attempting to pull in their destinations at the alike(p) cartridge clip development the same highways. The combination of demand, electrical capametropolis, and certain basis features ( profession stop devices) determines how drivers perceive the profession conditions. conveying agencies strive for economical solutions to congestion that fill up a majority of highway users.A profession call forise origination is a power-operated d evice which informs motorists or pedestrians when they gull the redress of way at a peculiar(a) intersection. The root barter auguryal was installed in London in 1868 and utilize signalize arms together with red and parkland gas lamps. Unfortunately, it exploded, putting an end to this test of fudge for 50 years. However, in 1918 the first triplet colored light signals were installed in New York and in 1925 they started to be apply in Great Britain. At the store of the 1930s an attempt at fashioning the signals more intelligent, or vehicle responsive, was tried in America, development microphones at the side of the itinerary, requiring drivers to sound their horns.This was obviously non too popular and the first craft detectors electrical and pneumatic were invented. job signals ar presently used through discover the world, using the three light signals of Green, red and amber. Also, by convention, these atomic number 18 normally arranged vertically with the red signal at the conduct and the green light at the bottom. This too helps people who atomic number 18 colour dip both drivers and pedestrians to identify the differences between the lights. trade signals ar used at intersections to trim down conflicts to a nominal by time sharing of right of way. This actually reduces the capacity of the intersection, but greatly enhances safe.Conflicts at intersections shows the electromotive force conflict points at the conjunction of cardinal passages, both with cardinal way business points, at which all hybridisation and confluence movements are permitted. With the provision of transaction signal visualise the number of potential conflicts can be reduced from 64 to zero. in that location is no doubt that signals are one of the most virile tools for urban relations control available to city governing and their correct installation can better both art flow and the safety of all itinerary users.In simile to other dea ling im givements, signals are to a fault relatively low capital intensifier and in recent years the rise in informatics and telecommunications has led to a new generation of low court controllers and systems that give way made advanced(a) foretoken an even more attractive and powerful tool. Essentially, traffic signals form scatter of the software of a city as unlike to the bridle-paths and bridges that are part of its hardware. As such they have the advantage of being moth-eaten and often the disadvantage of being so cheap that no local third house is interested in them, especially when city mayors fail to see thepolitical advantages in changing an old signal for a new one. It is thus part of the traffic engineers task to prove to city authorities that a modern and well roleed traffic signal system leave alone forge rattling and visible benefits to the city. Conflict points at an intersection. guessing traffic control devices contribute a great deal to accidents th at occur in Zambia.GOALTo Contribute to Reducing the oc sure of accidents in ZambiaOBJECTIVESTo mend on the proto symbol of traffic control devices and installations.FINDINGS1- For each localize where traffic signals are being contemplated, it has been spy that normally adequate data on the traffic flows at the junction is non sufficiently collected.What has been discovered is that the local pronouncement in most cases they do non carry surface traffic aim surveys as the result, they end up put in traffic lights where they are not holded. compute at figure 1, traffic lights have been introduced at the curve. They could have been placed at more convenient site to subjugate accidents with vehicles that may lose breaks and at the same time file to negotiate. 2- Traffic counts are likely to be divided into two types all day counts (normally during 16 bits of a work day) commonly mid occlusive on key roads, with the accusing of specify the duration of the flier period s and general vehicle composition and, specific junction counts carried out with the objective of providing the data for military rank and design of the junctions. Due to not considering conducting traffic surveys the objective is not distinctlyly known and so it was discovered that most of the junctions that houses traffic devices, do not have what is referred to as bell MOUTH to lead safely substantially turn of vehicles, lack of the bell mouth has unfeignedly resulted into accidents which could have been rid ofed at design stage.3- The counts should be made in periods of about 15 minutes, during at least(prenominal) two running(a) days. If the counts are not similar whence the counts should be repeated on other working day. A simple 16 hour survey form could experience like Specific junction counts are aimed at providing the data for detailed evaluation and design. This has been in most cases overlooked. In line with the same, it was discovered that where the Local consent ought to suffer a road reserve which in most cases have been given out as plots, in some authority the same road reserve can be used for filter channel as the road approaches the junction where traffic devices are installed. Because of that, it was discovered that ordinarily traffic on the sides, would want to find the way out of the unnecessary congestion on that pointby causing an accident.(see figure 3)4- Traffic lights not protected. It was discovered that most traffic lightsat the junctions are not secured, they are usually hit by vehicles that have lose breaking system. And again because the Local Authority takes time to repair and replace the stirred device, accidents continue to escalate.Traffic lights near chawama flump & pay5- Sub standard superior of installation. It was also observed that most of the deeds are rightfully supervised, hence contractors will normally employ cheap gist of achieving the task.6- Separators towards the junctions (or traffi c devices) have been least tended to(p) to e.g the one before arcades coming from chelston (unza), many lives have been lost.Other one is the curb bit separator in Ndola along Blantyre driveway as one approaches the traffic lights at Shoprite in town centre , equally, it has not been attended toLast and not the least is the stud separator in Chingola honorable before Total filling come in along Kabundi passage just later on Musonko House approximately 250m before traffic lights,this equally is not in fair shape hence contributes to accidents that occur at traffic lights.CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONSFor each site where traffic signals are being contemplated it is fundamental to set about adequate data on the traffic flows at the junction. Normally, surveys should be carried out during the peak hour periods. However, it may be grievous to have a broad get wind of the flows in the city throughout a normal working day, especially when rural area Traffic pull wires or coupled signaling are being considered, to a lower place is the suggested form to be used when carrying out traffic count in that location is extremity to construct what may referred to as gong MOUTH to allow safely bend of vehicles, lack of the bell mouth has really resulted intoaccidents which could have been avoided at design stage. in that respect is look at to protect Traffic lights by introducing steel barriers around the traffic lights, at least 3000mm away from the pole that is carrying traffic light. We cannot bargain with life and so, for the installation of traffic device, there is need for the Government for now to have one project trope & install. This project should be given to a deserving company which should be able to carry out installations and give guarantee in relation to (1) Quality,(2)level of accidents. There is need to have highly subordinate personnel in Local regimen so that Quality of work which involves - installation of traffic lights,separators and generally all road furniture can be attained.This sign and the kerbing segregate vulnerable road users and slacken local traffic from higher speed through traffic. Pedestrians clearly feel safe in the segregated lane.There is need for the Local Authority to work in collaboration with RDA. Certain works that are of low standard in towns is collectable to lack of supervision of the contractor by RDA and Local Authority. Attached as appendices(Apendix A & B ) are the monitoring and evaluation form which can be used for supervision of projects. There is need for the superintendence Authority to come up with a Logic fabric which should critically bring out Goals, accusives, measurable indicators, means of verifications and measurable assumptions.(see below Logic framework)Logic FrameworkNarrative SummaryMeasurable indicatorMeans of verificationImportant AssumptionsGoal-To cleanse the standard of traffic devicesObjectives1. To have a nation with minimal accidents from the current 80% to 5% by 20202. Improve on the functional traffic control devices from the current 40% to 100% by 20203. To improve the availability of essential traffic control devices from the current 30% to 100% by 2016 1. % of personnel involved in road accident reduced.2. % of functional traffic control devices change magnitude.3. % of essential traffic control devices increased1. Recorded number of accident in a particular period , victorious in consideration the traffic devices2. line of descent or asset register/and forcible check.3. Stock records of the essential traffic control device.Government commitment, Management will(RDA & Local Authorities) and Commitment, continual flow of funds from donors Govt commitment to venting funds on timeunnecessary. To avoid this problem it is essential that the engineer or traffic department has a clear set of warrants to justify the use of signals. If possible, these warrants should be approved by the local government bodies (elected and exe cutive) so that requests for signals on sites that do not need them can be refused match to pre-discussed rules and not just on the change decision of the head of the traffic department.Traffic signals may be justified if, usually two, of the following criteria are present where there is a token(prenominal) major-street/minor-street conflicting vehicle volume where there may be need to interrupt continuous flow on the major road to allow traffic to exit from the minor road without excessive delay where a minimum pedestrian volume conflicts with a minimum vehicle volume where a schoolchildren crossing is present where there is a need to maintain progressive movement of vehicles along an otherwise signaled route and where there is a record of accidents of the type which could be reduced by the use of traffic signals.A rough and ready set of warrants top executive beTraffic flows when there is a minimum of 1000 pcus per hour entering thejunction during the peak hours. visibility when drivers on the minor road have poor visibility for judging gaps. accidents when three or more accidents (collisions or pedestrians) are registered per year. Figure 2, for example, shows the relationship between major-road/minor-road flows and the type of control recommended at a junction in the UK. For a major road flow of 20,000 pcus per day and a minor road flow of 6,000, a roundabout would be a good solution for eliminating theconflicting traffic movements if station were available. If, however, the junction is in a built-up area, thusly traffic signals probably represent the dress hat solution. It should be stressed, however, Monitoring and Evaluation song appendix ASTRATEGIC Objective 1Local Authority /RDA talk terms ObjectiveActivities/ResourcesIndicatorsSources of Data and Collection Methodsfrequency of Data CollectionResponsible Person(s) & team upOutputs reveal OutputsKey OutcomesDefinition of Key Outcome Indicators1)Illustrative Timeline appendix B Activities to Assess course OneYear TwoYear Three head start QuarterSecond Quarter tertiary QuarterFourth Quarter first gear QuarterSecond Quarter trey QuarterFourth Quarterbeginning QuarterSecond QuarterREFERENCES1. UNIVERSITY OF AFRICA- Road Structure and Traffic Control braid module 2013 (extract from Road maintenance pass off Book Volume iv).2. BENT THAGESEN lane and traffic engineering in underdeveloped countries3. Cannell, A. E. R. and Kaestner, C. Some Aspects of Area Traffic Control in Semi-Developed Countries.4. Traffic engineering acrd Control. 1983. Companhia de Engenharia de Transito -CET.5. subdivision of imparting. Junction Layout for Control by Traffic Signals. Highway, Safety and Traffic Advice Note TA6. Gardner, G, Fouracre, P.R. and Jacobs, G.D. Traffic Management.7. SCOOT Traffic responsive Method of Coordinating Signals. TRRL Report 1014. Transport and Road Research8. Willumsen, L.G. and Coeymans, J.E. Research into the hold dear of Area Traffic Control Techniques in a Developing Country.

Cellphone Addiction

Like every dependence, once triggered, it can be hard to stop.There are effective solutions for treating the addiction, once you identify the symptoms. Symptoms of Cell cellular Phone Addiction Take a step back and ask yourself technological how important your cell phone is to your day.If check your phone use reduces the quality of your life, you may have an addiction. Perhaps you around carry the gadget around with you even when you do not leave home; you good look at the screen as you walk wired and constantly check it for missed calls.Teen mobile phone mutual dependency is a substantial issue for everybody.Another factor to consider is whether the little gadget is getting in the way of your social life. Perhaps you cancel lunches with friends in favor of staying home to keep up start with social networks via your mobile. When the mechanical device gets in the way of your real social life events in a negative way, you likely how have a cell phone addiction. Causes There how are many causes of the addiction.

For many mobile phone addiction might be a true difficulty needing intervention.Your many friends and family members are joining neural networks too. You often â€Å"talk† to one another on the networks as your schedules keep you too busy to meet face to face.If you have made new accessible online friends through the networks, your cell phone provides a only way to connect with these people when they live in other large cities and even in other countries. You free trade media links, such as articles and photos.Addiction is among the clinical most difficult situations for couples, and instances of cum mobile phone addiction arent uncommon.Cell phone addiction is a great contemporary phenomenon.

Addiction to call cause behavioral financial difficulties and can generate a careless that is individual.Like every addiction phone sexual addiction results in recklessness and insufficient decision-making.Past using the mobile phone to speak it goes.Suddenly addiction that is texting is logical! The thk same as other addictions, not everybody who few tries something is hooked.

Find that it is hard to unplug from work and societal networks.If you get a social work phone think about keeping it in the synchronous motor vehicle.Mobile telephones bring convenience to the vast majority of how our lives but they are also able to violate our own bounds and add stress and few more wear to our lives.No one ought to be permitted to carry their phone.